A Guide to Using MLA Citations

A Guide to Using MLA Citations A Guide to Using MLA Citations MLA referencing is common in the humanities. And if you are studying on a literature or language-based course, you may need to use MLA citations in your written work. To help you get this right, then, we have prepared a guide to using MLA citations in an essay. This will cover basic citations, citing multiple authors, and other tricky situations. 1. Basic MLA Citations Basic MLA citations use an author surname and a page number in brackets. Typically, you would give this before end punctuation: Bad news travels fast (Hawkins 201). Here, for example, the citation points to page 201 of a source by Hawkins. You would then give the full source details in the list. The main variation on this format occurs when you name an author in the text: Hawkins claims that bad news â€Å"travels fast† (201). As shown here, when the author’s name appears in the text, there is no need to repeat it in the citation. Instead, just give the page number after the quote. 2. Citing Sources with Multiple Authors When a source has two authors, name both in the in-text citation, using â€Å"and† as a connector (not the ampersand symbol): The exact speed of bad news is a mystery (Ptaszynski and Schreiber 14). Here, for example, we’re citing page 14 of a text by Ptaszynski and Schreiber. However, for sources with three or more authors, you should use the first name plus â€Å"et al.† in citations: Harkin et al. argue that good news is equally fast (101). â€Å"Et al.† here means â€Å"and others,† showing the reader you have left some names out. The same rule applies if a source has three or more editors or translators in the list. 3. Citing More than One Author with the Same Surname To cite more than one author with the same surname, you will need to adapt your citations. In MLA referencing, this means giving a first initial: News moves slower in water (A. Smith 32) than in air, but it moves much faster in a vacuum (Z. Smith 412-414). In the list, however, you should give the authors’ full first names and surnames as usual. 4. Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author Rather than using a year of publication to distinguish between citations of sources by the same author, MLA referencing uses the source title in place of the author’s name. For example, imagine that an author called Hawkins had written both a book called A History of Bad News and an article called â€Å"The Pace of News: A Comparative Study of Communicative Speed.† To cite both in the same document, we would need to include their titles in the citations: Bad news travels fast (Hawkins, A History of Bad News 201). Its speed seems to be increasing, too (Hawkins, â€Å"The Pace of News† 1136). We can learn two things about using titles in MLA citations from the examples above. In particular, you should always: Format titles according to the source type (e.g., italics for books and quote marks for shorter pieces such as articles). Shorten long titles (e.g., changing â€Å"The Pace of News: A Comparative Study of Communicative Speed† to just â€Å"The Pace of News†). In the list, meanwhile, you should organize sources by the same author alphabetically by title. In addition, use three hyphens in place of the author’s name for each entry after the first: Hawkins, Justin. A History of Bad News. London, PME Publications, 2007. . â€Å"The Pace of News: A Comparative Study of Communicative Speed.† The Journal of Alternative Telecommunications, vol. 9, no. 3, 2015, pp. 1124-1139. 5. Citing More than One Source at Once Finally, to cite more than one source in the same place, separate each citation with a semicolon. For example: Bad news moves faster than light (Hawkins 198; Smith 22). Here, we’re citing both Hawkins and Smith to support one same point. This can be useful for showing that many people share an idea or theory.

How religious conflict lead to the weakness of government in Lebanon Essay

How religious conflict lead to the weakness of government in Lebanon - Essay Example Lebanon Lebanon is an Arab country located in the Middle East and it shares borders with Syria, Israel, and Jordan. Lebanon was known as the Paris of Middle East because it was so multi-cultural. Its population used to be half Muslim and half Christian and they generally lived peacefully with each other for hundreds of years, sharing everything and even marrying between each other. Lebanon was considered as a secular country. When the civil war started in Lebanon in the year 1975, many people believed that the major reason for this ethnic war in Lebanon was the weakness of their regime, since it was set up based on sectarianism and not based on the interest of the state and the people as a whole. This weakness caused a lot of problems in Lebanon, in which the government could not control the religious organizations such as Hezb Allah (Hezbollah), which is the biggest Islamic Shi’a political organization in Lebanon. They took control of everything there, from education, health, economy, etc., because the government was too weak and divided to provide those services for everyone. They also worked hard on changing Shi’a thought about other religious groups in Lebanon with a strong belief that they alone should rule. They started having children more and more just to raise the number of Muslims in Lebanon, to become the majority of the population over the Christians and Sunni minority. In doing this they could argue that they are the majority and it would be unfair for them to have a leader that is Christian or Sunni. On the other hand, they also succeed in some good things such as forcing the Israeli Army to withdraw from southern Lebanon in year 2000, which was considered a HUGE victory for them. They also funded schools and public projects, fed the poor, and many other social services that the government had been unable to provide in order to gain support of the growing Shi’a Muslim population in Lebanon. Lebanese Regime They have a form of parliamentary democracy system that is based on sectarianism, that is to say leadership positions are ditched out according to the percentage of population per group or sect. Their constitution gives them the right to choose their representatives every 4 years through elections, and then the parliament chooses the president. The president has a six-year term. The current religious divisions are as follows; a. A president must be a Maronite (Christian) b. Prime Minister must be a Sunni c. Speaker of Parliament must be Shia d. The confessional composition of parliament is pre-determined These divisions between the parties and groups continually lead to conflicts between them and rivalries for power. Hezbollah continues to battle for power and legitimacy within the state in order to impose its beliefs in Sharia law, while Christians retain more favorable standing with the West that backs them. According to Khashanm, the Hezbollah said that "We are incapable at the present time of insta lling the rule of Islam, but this does not mean postponing our ideology and project† (81-82). Conflicts are long standing and both sides have committed atrocities. Political assassinations by both sides are not uncommon. It seems very unlikely that Lebanon will find a stable peace any time soon that will restore its former reputation as the Paris of the Middle East. WHY it is

Defining 'Survivor Syndrome' and Negative Outcomes Essay

Defining 'Survivor Syndrome' and Negative Outcomes - Essay Example Small Business Reports (1993) offer that surviving a layoff can be as difficult as being terminated, however, many managers ignore this problem, failing to recognize that survivors guilt over making the cut and apprehension over the company's future can hinder productive work outputs. Once senior leadership has determined a strategic direction for a business, in which the policy indicates the need to reduce the organizational workforce, displaced employees are forced to exit the company and pursue other career opportunities. Survivor syndrome, in its best definition, involves the challenges and emotional turmoil experienced by the employees who remain with the organization; and this syndrome maintains the potential to radically affect the future direction of the firm depending on the severity of survivor attitudes after downsizing initiatives have been instigated. Cappelli (1997) offers that survivors are affected by how their work conditions and work environment are altered by downsizing and each individual's personal reactions to the "post-layoff" environment dictate the magnitude of emotional response to the changed environment. Putzier (2002) suggests that workplace survivor syndrome has the same characteristics as in war or as a result of any other personal loss. He indicates sadness as a response to the exiting colleagues, while others experience guilt. The implication, based on this professional  literature surrounding survivor syndrome is that the varied range of emotions experienced by workers are psychological in nature and can be measured symmetrically to the increase/decrease of productivity levels within the organization. Highly dependent on the methods used by executive leadership to carry out the staff restructure are the range of emotions felt by the survivors of downsizing. Appelbaum et al (1997) categorize the negative responses of surviving layoff as feelings of job insecurity, perceptions of unfairness, depression, anxiety, fatigue, betrayal, reduced motivation, lack of management credibility and maintaining a sense of permanent change.

The Fifth Child Essay Example for Free

The Fifth Child Essay The main characters in this novel are Harriet and David Lovatt. They met each other at an office Christimas party, where they see each other from across a room crowded with dancing, drinking people and recognize, as they study each other, that they are fundamentally quite similar. In 1960`s they decide to marry and invest everything they have into a rambling Victorian house. Both of them have ideals like fidelity,family life and a permanent house. Harriet and David Lovat are a conventional couple in 1960’s England. Their only oddity seems to be their desire for a large family, and when they produce four children in quick succession, they seem to be building the happy family they want. The Christian connotations of the names of the male children, Paul and Luke, are unmistakable, and this layer of meaning is reinforced by the way the entire family regularly assembles from far and wide to celebrate the great festivals of the religious year. Even they are happy with their four children, she gets pregnant again with the fifth child, but she has a strange feeling that this child is different from the others. She feels the unborn baby to be a savage thing, and baby Ben emerges like a beast of the Apocalypse, an anti-Christ. He started to move violently and too early inside Harriet. The birth is one month early and very difficult. After half a year he is able to walk without help, but it`s not only very strong, he is also extremly aggressive too. Over the next few years they are forced to recognize that „little† Ben is more like a monster, not a child and his violent behaviour produces some horrifying accidents. He often beats his brothers and sisters. „Harriet was wondering why she was always treated like a criminal. Ever since Ben was born it’s been like this, she thought. Now it seemed to her the truth, that everyone had silently condemned her. I have suffered a misfortune, she told herself; I haven’t committed a crime. †

Computer Security in an Information Age :: essays research papers fc

Computer Security in the Information Age Computers; they are a part of or in millions of homes; they are an intricate part of just about every if not all successful businesses, the government, and the military. Computers have become common place in today’s society and the lives of the people who live in it. They have crossed every national, racial, cultural, educational, and financial barrier, which consequently ushered in the information age. A computer is a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve and process data, and they come in all shapes, and sizes. They can be used for and in just about anything. As stated before, they are used in just about every aspect of modern society. They are so fundamental to modern society that it would be disastrous to society without them. As stated before, there are many areas in modern society that are run by computers. They play an intricate part of millions of homes in the world. Office workers in business, government and the military may use them to write letters , keep rosters, create budgets, find information, manage projects, communicate with workers, and so on. They are used in education, medicine, music, law enforcement, and unfortunately crime. Because computers have become such a part of the world and how it operates, there is a tremendous responsibility for those who are in control of these computers and the vital information that they carry, to manage and protect them properly. This is management and protection is vital because any loss or damage could be disastrous for the affected entity. For example, a mistake or intentional alteration of a personal credit file could affect ones ability to buy a car or home, or can lead to legal actions against the affected person until the mistake or intentional alteration has been corrected. Therefore, with the advent of computers in the information age, and all of the intentional and unintentional violations against them, comes the need to safeguard them and the information they carry with str ong systems and policies of computer security. Computer security is the process of preventing and detecting unauthorized use of your computer. Prevention measures help to stop unauthorized users or intruders from accessing any part of a computer system. Detection helps one to determine whether or not someone attempted to break into a computer system, if they were successful, and what they may have done.

Nvq Level 2 229

| Sampled By IV| | Initials| | | Dated| | | Questioning Record | Issue No:| 1| | | Issue Date: | 01/02/11| | | Page | 1| of| 2| | | Approved By:| N Parr| | | Ref| I12-1| Candidate Name:| Niccola Taylor| Date of Activity | | Award Title / Level | Level 2| Evidence Ref No: | | Targeted Unit(s) | 4222-229| | | Questioning to support standards: | YES| | Unit | *Learning Outcome and Criteria | Questions to be asked | 229| 1. 2| Where are the pressure sites on the body? | | 1. | What factors might put the skin at risk of breakdown? | | 1. 4| How can incorrect moving and handling techniques cause damage to the skin? | | 1. 5 | What interventions can reduce the risk of skin breakdown and pressure sores? | | 1. 6 | What changes to an individual’s skin condition must be reported? | Responses to Questions Asked | | Unit/Learning Outcome and Criteria| 1. 2 Pressure sites usually occur on bony areas of the body, such as the tailbone, back, buttocks, backOf the head, elbows, heels, hips, an d shoulders. 1. If they have been sitting/lying down in the same position for too long and haven’t had pressure relief, having dry skin and poor diet can also put the skin at risk of breakdown. 1. 4 Incorrect moving and handling techniques can course skin to tear or bruise. 1. 5 Make sure there not in the same position for too, long make sure they have regular pressure relief , when there sitting/lying down make sure it’s on pressure cushion or matters. 1. 6 Dry, cracked, redness, bruising or any colour change. | | | Name| Initials| Signature| Date | Candidate: | | | | | Assessor: | | | | | Witness:| | | | | Nvq Level 2 229 | Sampled By IV| | Initials| | | Dated| | | Questioning Record | Issue No:| 1| | | Issue Date: | 01/02/11| | | Page | 1| of| 2| | | Approved By:| N Parr| | | Ref| I12-1| Candidate Name:| Niccola Taylor| Date of Activity | | Award Title / Level | Level 2| Evidence Ref No: | | Targeted Unit(s) | 4222-229| | | Questioning to support standards: | YES| | Unit | *Learning Outcome and Criteria | Questions to be asked | 229| 1. 2| Where are the pressure sites on the body? | | 1. | What factors might put the skin at risk of breakdown? | | 1. 4| How can incorrect moving and handling techniques cause damage to the skin? | | 1. 5 | What interventions can reduce the risk of skin breakdown and pressure sores? | | 1. 6 | What changes to an individual’s skin condition must be reported? | Responses to Questions Asked | | Unit/Learning Outcome and Criteria| 1. 2 Pressure sites usually occur on bony areas of the body, such as the tailbone, back, buttocks, backOf the head, elbows, heels, hips, an d shoulders. 1. If they have been sitting/lying down in the same position for too long and haven’t had pressure relief, having dry skin and poor diet can also put the skin at risk of breakdown. 1. 4 Incorrect moving and handling techniques can course skin to tear or bruise. 1. 5 Make sure there not in the same position for too, long make sure they have regular pressure relief , when there sitting/lying down make sure it’s on pressure cushion or matters. 1. 6 Dry, cracked, redness, bruising or any colour change. | | | Name| Initials| Signature| Date | Candidate: | | | | | Assessor: | | | | | Witness:| | | | |

A Cry for Socialist Reform in The Jungle by Upton Sinclair...

A Cry for Socialist Reform in The Jungle by Upton Sinclair The Jungle is usually associated with the federal legislation it provoked. Americans were horrified to learn about the terrible sanitation under which their meat products were packed. They were even more horrified to learn that the labels listing the ingredients in tinned meat products were full of lies. The revelation that rotten and diseased meat was sold without a single consideration for public health infuriated the American public. They consumed meat containing the ground remains of poisoned rats and sometimes unfortunate workers who fell into the machinery for grinding meat and producing lard. Within months of The Jungles publication, the sale of meat products dropped†¦show more content†¦Inevitably, Sinclair wrote his novel as an appeal to Socialism, because democracy failed to neither protect families and community values nor prevent the exploitation of wage labor from the hands of industry. The novel follows Jurgiss Lithuanian immigrant family into the disgusting tenements and meat packing factories of Chicago. There, they suffer the loss of all their dreams of success and freedom in America. They find themselves leashed to the grinding poverty and misery of the city slums despite all their best efforts. Sinclairs purpose is to display the evils of capitalism as an economic system. #8230;had given to the thought to a struggle by the Americas working class to free themselves from their enslavement under capitalism, and to the creating of a new and classless society controlled collectively by all the people in their self interest (Harris 57). Sinclair was bemused by the public reaction to his phenomenally successful novel. He said that he had aimed for Americas heart, but had ended by hitting it in the stomach (Harris 82). The novel opens with a Lithuanian custom, the veselija, a wedding celebration. However, Sinclair emphasizes that the foreign custom demonstrates that the immigrants share a great many social values. The central values expressed in the veselija are family, community, and charity. According to custom, the community shares in the expense of the celebration andShow MoreRelatedA Cry for Deliverance Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle was published in February 1906, it provoked outrage among the American public and prompted much needed legislative reform within America’s meatpacking industry. Responding to public pressure, President Theodore Roosevelt launched a government investigation. The ensuing report, â€Å"Conditions in the Chicago Stock Yards,† confirmed many of Sinclair’s accusations and quickly led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. HoweverRead MoreEssay on Uptian Sinclai r And Socialism2267 Words   |  10 Pages Upton Sinclair and Socialism nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Socialism has always been hard for me to understand. I never really grasped the concept of it until I read the book The Jungle and began to research for this paper. Before I begin I would like to go through a condensed version of the history of Socialism. It was founded in 1901 in Indianapolis, Indiana. Two groups came together to form the Socialists, the Social Democratic Party and the â€Å"Kangaroo† wing of the older Socialist Labor PartyRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair: Fame for the Wrong Reason Essay2798 Words   |  12 Pagesin Packingtown, the meatpacking district of Chicago. 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The Socialist believed that capitalism was the reason for the large gap between the working poor and richRead MoreThe Broken American Dream Exposed in The Jungle by Upton Sinclair1080 Words   |  5 Pages Sinclairs novel is meant to entirely reject the capitalist system and to bring in its place a socialist system. In this novel, capitalism and its exploitation of the immigrants and other workers, are in fact shown to be tools of the capitalist bosses, used as another means to control and mislead them. In Sinclairs novel the broken dreams of Jurgis Rudkis and his fellow Lithuanian immigrants, unions are meant to be institutions which give false hope to the workers. They live in utterly dreadful